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Emily Jane Brontë (, ''commonly'' ;〔As given by ''Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of Literature'' (Merriam-Webster, incorporated, Publishers: Springfield, Massachusetts, 1995), p. viii: "When our research shows that an author's pronunciation of his or her name differs from common usage, the author's pronunciation is listed first, and the descriptor ''commonly'' precedes the more familiar pronunciation." See also entries on Anne, Charlotte and Emily Brontë, pp. 175–176.〕 30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848) was an English novelist and poet who is best known for her only novel, ''Wuthering Heights'', now considered a classic of English literature. Emily was the third eldest of the four surviving Brontë siblings, between the youngest Anne and her brother Branwell. She wrote under the pen name Ellis Bell. ==Early life and education== Emily Brontë was born on 30 July 1818 in the village of Thornton, West Riding of Yorkshire, in Northern England, to Maria Branwell and an Irish father, Patrick Brontë.〔''The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography'' (2003), p. 224〕 She was the younger sister of Charlotte Brontë and the fifth of six children, though the two oldest girls, Maria and Elizabeth, died in childhood.〔Hilda D. Spear, ''Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë'' (1985), p. 1〕〔Catherine Brighton, ''The Brontës: Scenes from the Childhood of Charlotte, Branwell, Emily, and Anne'' (2004)〕 In 1820, shortly after the birth of Emily's younger sister Anne, the family moved eight miles away to Haworth, where Patrick was employed as perpetual curate; here the children developed their literary talents.〔Rod Mengham, ''Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights'' (1988), p. 1〕〔"In 1824, the family moved to Haworth, where Emily's father was perpetual curate, and it was in these surroundings that their literary oddities flourished." — ''The Brontė Collection'' (2009)〕 After the death of their mother on 15 September 1821 from cancer, when Emily was three years old,〔(''A DETAILED GENEALOGY OF THE BRONTË FAMILY'' )〕〔Lyn Pykett, ''Emily Brontë'' (1989)〕 the older sisters Maria, Elizabeth and Charlotte were sent to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, where they encountered abuse and privations later described by Charlotte in ''Jane Eyre''. At the age of six on 25 November 1824, Emily joined her sisters at school for a brief period. When a typhoid epidemic swept the school, Maria and Elizabeth caught it. Maria, who may actually have had tuberculosis, was sent home, where she died. Emily was subsequently removed from the school, in June 1825, along with Charlotte and Elizabeth. Elizabeth died soon after their return home.〔 The three remaining sisters and their brother Patrick Branwell were thereafter educated at home by their father and aunt Elizabeth Branwell, their mother's sister. Their father, an Irish Anglican clergyman, was very strict and during the day he would work in his office while the children were to remain silent in a room together. Despite the lack of formal education, Emily and her siblings had access to a wide range of published material; favourites included Sir Walter Scott, Byron, Shelley, and Blackwood's Magazine.〔〔"Emily Brontë, although she led an almost secluded life, was not completely cut-off from literature. She read fairly widely. She and the other members of her family knew the older authors, especially Shakespeare, and also the contemporary romanticists like Scott, Wordsworth and Byron. Emily Brontë was fond of reading the articles, reviews and stories, especially with a Gothic flavour, which were published in Blackwood's Magazine." — 〕 In their leisure time the children began to write fiction at home, inspired by a box of toy soldiers Branwell had received as a gift〔Richard E. Mezo, ''A Student's Guide to Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë'' (2002), p. 1〕 and created a number of fantasy worlds (including 'Angria') which featured in stories they wrote – all "very strange ones" according to Charlotte〔"All our plays are very strange ones." — ''The life of Charlotte Brontë'', by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1870), p. 62〕 – and enacted about the imaginary adventures of their toy soldiers along with the Duke of Wellington and his sons, Charles and Arthur Wellesley. Little of Emily's work from this period survives, except for poems spoken by characters.〔''The Brontës' Web of Childhood'', by Fannie Ratchford, 1941〕〔An analysis of Emily's use of paracosm play as a response to the deaths of her sisters is found in Delmont C. Morrison's ''Memories of Loss and Dreams of Perfection'' (Baywood, 2005), ISBN 0-89503-309-7.〕 When Emily was 13, she and Anne withdrew from participation in the Angria story and began a new one about Gondal, a fictional island whose myths and legends were to preoccupy the two sisters throughout their lives.〔 With the exception of Emily's Gondal poems and Anne's lists of Gondal's characters and place-names, their writings on Gondal were not preserved. Some "diary papers" of Emily's have survived in which she describes current events in Gondal, some of which were written, others enacted with Anne. One dates from 1841, when Emily was twenty-three: another from 1845, when she was twenty-seven.〔("Emily Brontë's Letters and Diary Papers" ), City University of New York〕 At seventeen, Emily attended the Roe Head Girls' School,〔 where Charlotte was a teacher but managed to stay only a few months before being overcome by extreme homesickness.〔"Liberty was the breath of Emily's nostrils; without it she perished. The change from her own home to a school and from her own very noiseless, very secluded but unrestricted and unartificial mode of life, to one of disciplined routine (though under the kindest auspices), was what she failed in enduring... I felt in my heart she would die, if she did not go home, and with this conviction obtained her recall." — Charlotte Brontë, as quoted in ''The life of Charlotte Brontë'', by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (1870), p. 101〕 She returned home and Anne took her place.〔(At Roe Head and Blake Hall ) with pictures of the school then and now, and descriptions of Anne's time there.〕 At this time, the girls' objective was to obtain sufficient education to open a small school of their own. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emily Brontë」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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